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A Fast Five: Durable Parker Solar Probe Exceeding an Exploration Vision
Designs for a “Solar Probe” started coming together in 1962, just four years after the National Research Council’s Space Studies Board first proposed a mission to explore the environment near the Sun. But the technology to pull off such a bold endeavor, especially the material ingredients for an effective heat shield, just wasn’t available — yet. After five years of flying through the hottest and dustiest swaths of the inner solar system, Parker Solar Probe — which in 2021 became the first spacecraft to “touch the Sun” — isn’t just surviving, it’s thriving.
Credit: NASA/ֱ APL/Mike Yakovlev
Credit: NASA/ֱ APL
On Aug. 12, 2018 — five years ago this week — NASA’s Parker Solar Probe blasted off atop a powerful Delta IV rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The predawn launch into the skies over the Florida coast marked the start of a game-changing mission to unlock the secrets of the solar wind — and the culmination of decades of development to craft a robotic explorer able to withstand the heat and radiation near the Sun like no other spacecraft before it.
Designs for a “Solar Probe” started coming together in 1962, just four years after the National Research Council’s Space Studies Board first proposed a mission to explore the environment near the Sun. But the technology to pull off such a bold endeavor, especially the material ingredients for an effective heat shield, just wasn’t available — yet.
Material advances in the 1970s allowed NASA to begin considering a flyby close enough to directly sample the Sun’s upper atmosphere — the corona — and the solar wind. The initial mission science definition formed in a 1978 workshop at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), but the means to implement the mission would take decades to come together — with JPL and the ֱ Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) developing concepts for a nuclear-powered Sun skimmer between 1982 and 2005.
In 2007, NASA asked APL to consider a concept for a solar-powered probe, and from that — with the right combination of groundbreaking thermal-protection technologies and clever mission design — evolved the Parker Solar Probe mission that now marks its first half-decade.
“No matter its form, the core of the mission has always been a close encounter with the Sun,” said Jim Kinnison, Parker Solar Probe mission systems engineer at APL. “It took significant technology development, innovative mission design and a risk-reducing engineering plan — and now, the Parker team is fulfilling an exploration vision laid out at the dawn of the Space Age.”
After five years of flying through the of the inner solar system, Parker Solar Probe — which in 2021 became the first spacecraft to “” — isn’t just surviving, it’s thriving. Not only did APL design and deliver a technically challenging flagship-class mission within cost and schedule restraints, but the APL-operated spacecraft has returned more than twice the amount of data that scientists expected, making discoveries critical to understanding the and of the solar wind. The spacecraft , out of 24 planned during the primary mission. And on Aug. 21 Parker will zoom past Venus for a gravity assist, a move that will tighten its orbit around the Sun and allow it to take measurements of the and atmosphere.
Protecting the probe: Engineers from ֱ APL prepare the Parker Solar Probe thermal protection system — one of the mission’s enabling technologies — for space-environment testing in a thermal vacuum chamber at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in January 2018.
Credit: NASA/ֱ APL/Ed Whitman
Thanks to that gravity assist, on Sept. 27, Parker Solar Probe will be traveling at 394,742 miles per hour (635,276 kilometers per hour) when it comes within 4.5 million miles (7.2 million kilometers) of the Sun’s surface — breaking its own speed and distance records when flying past the Sun. It will ultimately dip to within just 3.8 million miles (6.1 million kilometers) from the Sun, speeding by at 430,000 miles per hour (700,000 kilometers per hour), in December 2024.
“We are in a golden era of heliophysics exploration,” said , Parker Solar Probe project scientist at APL. “In just five years, Parker Solar Probe has changed our understanding of the Sun and the activities that connect it to — and affect — life on Earth. As we speed closer and closer to the solar surface, we will learn more about the properties of the Sun itself, but that data will also significantly improve our knowledge of space weather and our ability to live and work in space.”
Learn more at and .
The final design: The actual Parker Solar Probe spacecraft shown during launch preparations in a cleanroom at Astrotech Space Operations in Titusville, Florida, in July 2018.
Credit: NASA/ֱ APL/Ed Whitman
Parker Solar Probe was developed as part of NASA’s Living With a Star program to explore aspects of the Sun-Earth system that directly affect life and society. The Living With a Star program is managed by the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. APL designed, built and operates the spacecraft and manages the mission for NASA.
Background on Solar Probe design history comes from: J. Kinnison, M. K. Lockwood, N. Fox, R. Conde and A. Driesman, “Solar Probe Plus: A mission to touch the sun,” 2013 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, 2013, pp. 1-11, doi:10.1109/AERO.2013.6496957.